The velocity field comes from the processing, carried out with the GAMIT/GLOBK (Ver. 10.71) software package, of the data coming from the FReDNet network and other regional, national, European ( EUREF ) and international ( IGS ) networks which, together, allow a correct connection to the international reference system. The velocity error ellipses reported in the map indicate 95% confidence.

Velocities are plotted using two different reference frames:

• International Reference Frame ITRF14 (Altamimi et al., 2016): it is a global reference system created by the IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service), rigidly fixed to the Earth with XYZ Cartesian origins placed at the center of the Earth's mass, with the Z axis passing through Earth's axis and the X and Y axes lying on the equatorial plane. The reference period for ITRF14 solutions is 2010;
• European Reference Frame ETRF14 (Altamimi et al., 2017): it is a European reference system that highlights the movements of the earth's crust with respect to the Eurasian plate, considered as a fixed block. In this way, the representation of the displacement is not affected by the movement of large plates at a global level and allows an analysis of tectonic movements on a regional and local scale.

For more information on the data processing procedure and velocity field calculation: Tunini et al. (2024).

The velocity field is updated annually. Annual solutions are available on the FReDNet Data Center by clicking on projects.

Here below the map wit the last obtained velocity solution is reported.